Check if NULL exists in Postgres array

Similar to this question, how can I find if a NULL value exists in an array?

Here are some attempts.

SELECT num, ar, expected,
  ar @> ARRAY[NULL]::int[] AS test1,
  NULL = ANY (ar) AS test2,
  array_to_string(ar, ', ') <> array_to_string(ar, ', ', '(null)') AS test3
FROM (
  SELECT 1 AS num, '{1,2,NULL}'::int[] AS ar, true AS expected
  UNION SELECT 2, '{1,2,3}'::int[], false
) td ORDER BY num;

 num |     ar     | expected | test1 | test2 | test3
-----+------------+----------+-------+-------+-------
   1 | {1,2,NULL} | t        | f     |       | t
   2 | {1,2,3}    | f        | f     |       | f
(2 rows)

Only a trick with array_to_string shows the expected value. Is there a better way to test this?

Answer

Postgres 9.5 or later

Or use array_position(). Basically:

SELECT array_position(arr, NULL) IS NOT NULL AS array_has_null

See demo below.

Postgres 9.3 or later

You can test with the built-in functions array_remove() or array_replace().

Postgres 9.1 or any version

If you know a single element that can never exist in your arrays, you can use this fast expression. Say, you have an array of positive numbers, and -1 can never be in it:

-1 = ANY(arr) IS NULL

Related answer with detailed explanation:

• Is array all NULLs in PostgreSQL

If you cannot be absolutely sure, you could fall back to one of the expensive but safe methods with unnest(). Like:

(SELECT bool_or(x IS NULL) FROM unnest(arr) x)

or:

EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(arr) x WHERE x IS NULL)

But you can have fast and safe with a CASE expression. Use an unlikely number and fall back to the safe method if it should exist. You may want to treat the case arr IS NULL separately. See demo below.

Demo

SELECT num, arr, expect
     , -1 = ANY(arr) IS NULL                                    AS t_1   --  50 ms
     , (SELECT bool_or(x IS NULL) FROM unnest(arr) x)           AS t_2   -- 754 ms
     , EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(arr) x WHERE x IS NULL)     AS t_3   -- 521 ms
     , CASE -1 = ANY(arr)
         WHEN FALSE THEN FALSE
         WHEN TRUE THEN EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM unnest(arr) x WHERE x IS NULL)
         ELSE NULLIF(arr IS NOT NULL, FALSE)  -- catch arr IS NULL       --  55 ms
      -- ELSE TRUE  -- simpler for columns defined NOT NULL              --  51 ms
       END                                                      AS t_91
     , array_replace(arr, NULL, 0) <> arr                       AS t_93a --  99 ms
     , array_remove(arr, NULL) <> arr                           AS t_93b --  96 ms
     , cardinality(array_remove(arr, NULL)) <> cardinality(arr) AS t_94  --  81 ms
     , COALESCE(array_position(arr, NULL::int), 0) > 0          AS t_95a --  49 ms
     , array_position(arr, NULL) IS NOT NULL                    AS t_95b --  45 ms
     , CASE WHEN arr IS NOT NULL
            THEN array_position(arr, NULL) IS NOT NULL END      AS t_95c --  48 ms
FROM  (
   VALUES (1, '{1,2,NULL}'::int[], true)     -- extended test case
        , (2, '{-1,NULL,2}'      , true)
        , (3, '{NULL}'           , true)
        , (4, '{1,2,3}'          , false)
        , (5, '{-1,2,3}'         , false)
        , (6, NULL               , null)
   ) t(num, arr, expect);

Result:

 num |  arr        | expect | t_1    | t_2  | t_3 | t_91 | t_93a | t_93b | t_94 | t_95a | t_95b | t_95c
-----+-------------+--------+--------+------+-----+------+-------+-------+------+-------+-------+-------
   1 | {1,2,NULL}  | t      | t      | t    | t   | t    | t     | t     | t    | t     | t     | t
   2 | {-1,NULL,2} | t      | f --!! | t    | t   | t    | t     | t     | t    | t     | t     | t
   3 | {NULL}      | t      | t      | t    | t   | t    | t     | t     | t    | t     | t     | t
   4 | {1,2,3}     | f      | f      | f    | f   | f    | f     | f     | f    | f     | f     | f
   5 | {-1,2,3}    | f      | f      | f    | f   | f    | f     | f     | f    | f     | f     | f
   6 | NULL        | NULL   | t --!! | NULL | f   | NULL | NULL  | NULL  | NULL | f     | f     | NULL

Note that array_remove() and array_position() are not allowed for multi-dimensional arrays. All expressions to the right of t_93a only work for 1-dimenstioal arrays.

db<>fiddle here – Postgres 13, with more tests
_{Old sqlfiddle}

Benchmark setup

The added times are from a benchmark test with 200k rows in Postgres 9.5. This is my setup:

CREATE TABLE t AS
SELECT row_number() OVER() AS num
     , array_agg(elem) AS arr
     , bool_or(elem IS NULL) AS expected
FROM  (
   SELECT CASE WHEN random() > .95 THEN NULL ELSE g END AS elem  -- 5% NULL VALUES
        , count(*) FILTER (WHERE random() > .8)
                   OVER (ORDER BY g) AS grp  -- avg 5 element per array
   FROM   generate_series (1, 1000000) g  -- increase for big test case
   ) sub
GROUP  BY grp;

Function wrapper

For repeated use, I would create a function in Postgres 9.5 like this:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_array_has_null (anyarray)
  RETURNS bool
  LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE AS
 'SELECT array_position($1, NULL) IS NOT NULL';

PARALLEL SAFE only for Postgres 9.6 or later.

Using a polymorphic input type this works for any array type, not just int[].

Make it IMMUTABLE to allow performance optimization and index expressions.

• Does PostgreSQL support “accent insensitive” collations?

But don’t make it STRICT, which would disable “function inlining” and impair performance because array_position() is not STRICT itself. See:

• Function executes faster without STRICT modifier?

If you need to catch the case arr IS NULL:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_array_has_null (anyarray)
  RETURNS bool
  LANGUAGE sql IMMUTABLE PARALLEL SAFE AS
 'SELECT CASE WHEN $1 IS NOT NULL
              THEN array_position($1, NULL) IS NOT NULL END';

For Postgres 9.1 use the t_91 expression from above. The rest applies unchanged.

Closely related:

• How to determine if NULL is contained in an array in Postgres?