How to verify if two tables have exactly the same data?

Basically, we have one table (original table) and it is backed up into another table (backup table); thus the two tables have exactly the same schema.

In the beginning, both tables (original table and backup table) contains exactly the same set of data. After some time for some reason, I need to verify whether dataset in the original table has changed or not.

In order to do this, I have to compare the dataset in the original table against the backup table.

Let’s say the original table has the following schema:

create table LemmasMapping (
   lemma1 int,
   lemma2 int,
   index ix_lemma1 using btree (lemma1),
   index ix_lemma2 using btree (lemma2)
)

How could I achieve the dataset comparison?

Update: the table does not have a primary key. It simply stores mappings between two ids.

Answer

I would write three queries.

1. An inner join to pick up the rows where the primary key exists in both tables, but there is a difference in the value of one or more of the other columns. This would pick up changed rows in original.

2. A left outer join to pick up the rows that are in the original tables, but not in the backup table (i.e. a row in original has a primary key that does not exist in backup). This would return rows inserted into the original.

3. A right outer join to pick up the rows in backup which no longer exist in the original. This would return rows that have been deleted from the original.

You could union the three queries together to return a single result set. If you did this you would need to add a column to indicate what type of row it is (updated, inserted or deleted).

With a bit of effort, you might be able to do this in one query using a full outer join. Be careful with outer joins, as they behave differently in different SQL engines. Predicates put in the where clause, instead of the join clause can sometimes turn your outer join into an inner join.